States and cities tax professional athletes in multiple ways. A traditional method, which applies to athletes and non-athletes alike, is income taxation by the state in which an individual resides. A second method, utilized by twenty states, is to tax athletes when they participate in games other than in the state they reside. [1] This second method is commonly referred to as the “jock tax.” Since the inception of the jock tax, inequality from state to state has been a prevalent issue. The combination of the jock tax and differences between how states tax its residents may make some cities in the United States and in Canada more attractive than others. At the same time, but for a few adjustments that are made to a team’s salary cap, the teams in the major sports are limited to the same payroll as the other teams in the sport. Given the salary cap, teams in hockey, football, baseball, and basketball may find it difficult to compete with teams with more attractive tax situations. To further increase parity in the major sports, changes should be made to salary caps in the major sports based on the different tax situations created by different states. [More]

Jerseys, DVD box sets and posters are just a few of the ways the NCAA and its member institutions use college athletes to increase the value of their brand. This has always been the way the NCAA has operated, and very few college athletes raised this issue. However, within about the last 15 years games such as Electronic Arts’ NCAA Football franchise have imitated player likenesses to create one of the most successful games in the video game industry. Everyone is getting a share of the money, except those individuals who are being exploited: the college athlete. This article discusses the problem of publicity rights with college athletes as well as offers a possible solution. [More]

Astroturf lobbying organizations – lobbying organizations that use money to appear as if they have popular support – challenge citizens and law makers to find accurate information about policy issues. However, limiting a right as integral to our democracy as speech should never be done hastily. Additionally, past similar regulation failed to accomplish its goals and spurred the creation of 527 groups that negatively affected electoral politics. By learning from past regulatory failure we can better regulate Astroturf lobbying organizations. Requiring frequent and detailed financial disclosures from groups that have large bank accounts but small membership rolls leaves political speech undisturbed while giving people and politicians access to the information necessary to weigh the quality of the information offered and arguments made by these organizations. [More]

The sports business industry is one of the largest and fastest growing industries in the United States. In fact, the Sports Business Journal estimates the size of the sports business industry to be $213 billion in the United States alone. [1] Furthermore, sports business law is a dynamic field of law with new issues arising on an almost daily basis due to courts decisions, new legislation, and regulation. [2] One piece of new legislation, the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA), [3] will have a profound impact on employment decisions in professional sports. This article discusses the implications of GINA on professional sports: specifically, part II of the articles discusses GINA in detail, part III discusses GINA’s impact on professional sports, part IV discusses GINA’s economic impact on professional sports, and part V provides some concluding remarks. [More]

This article discusses certain judges’ reluctance in granting deficiency judgments on residential foreclosures. Particularly, the effects categorical refusals to grant such judgments are considered. Potential effects on the lending market and available residential loans are identified addressed. Ultimately, a lack of deficiency judgments may lead to fewer loan products being available to homeowners and/or an increase in interest rates on full-recourse loans. In addition, the need for further research in the area is highlighted, particularly as it relates to the current economic situation. [More]

The Lisbon Treaty is expected to be ratified by the end of 2009 and go into effect January 1, 2010. If the Treaty is ratified as expected, it is sure to affect the United States’ place on the global stage by strengthening Europe’s economic and political weight. The Obama administration is enthusiastic about this European integration effort, but many U.S. experts fear that a more unified EU could complicate efforts for European support in U.S. initiatives. This article discusses the current European Union government, how the EU government will change if the Treaty is ratified and the potential implications for the United States.

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For years the music industry commanded a virtual stranglehold on the dissemination of music to the consumer. The median which gave birth to the record industry, the gramophone record, was relatively difficult and expensive to duplicate. That stranglehold began to loosen as many consumer products that could record or copy audio recordings were introduced into the market. Following the landmark decision in the “Betamax case” the music industry became quite concerned about home recording undercutting their profits. The introduction of digital recording fueled these fears because digital copies, unlike their analog counterparts, do not from degradation. Eventually the Audio Home Recording Act (AHRA) was passed to address these fears and control this dissemination, while still protecting the privileges afforded under the “Betamax case.” However, recent technological advances have led the development of home recording methods beyond the Court decided scope of the AHRA. Coupled with the rise of the Internet these new methods represent a drastic change which creates a more hostile environment to consumers and the music industry alike. It is posited here that the scope of the AHRA should be reexamined in order to protect the competing interests of the music industry and the consumer alike. [More]

This article provides an overview of the main goals of President Obama’s plan for health care reform as well as the two proposed Senate bills, Senate Bill 1679 and 1796, and the House of Representatives bill that passed, House Bill 3962, as it relates to small business. Small businesses are facing the steep rising costs of health insurance premiums to add to their current burdens of dealing with the recession’s credit freeze and lower revenue generation with other high operating costs. This article provides analysis on the pros and cons of health care reform in relation to small businesses based on three aspects of the health care reform proposals. The first is the public option government run health care plan, second is the Exchange a government-regulated marketplace of insurance plans, and finally, tax credits for small businesses to offset the cost of buying health insurance for their employees. Finally, the article provides a brief review of the response from the insurance industry based on their reports highlighting the potential new costs of health care for small businesses if reform passes. [More]

“This is 99.8 THE BEAT, up next is the Top 9 at 9, where we play all of our top requests of the night.” Who knew that these “Top 9” artists/performers are not paid for their radio play? Unlike the copyright holders of the musical composition and lyrics of the song, who are paid every time the song is played, a parody is made, or a new artist performs that very song. However, the character/artist/image that has put this song into the limelight is not given a dime. There is new legislation in the Senate that will change the current situation; the Performance Right’s Act. The act has split the music community in two, with broadcasters on one side and artists on the other. Broadcasters claim that it is not fair for them to have to pay to play music on their stations because artists are receiving free promotion that record labels could not afford in the first place. While on the other hand, artists and the like, believe that they should receive equal credit and royalty compensation as other holders of copyrights to the same song they themselves have made popular. “Mr. Me Too” analyzes the arguments of both sides of the debate, while concluding with recommendations legislature should take into consideration when making such a drastic change to broadcast radio. [More]

This article seeks at determining whether there is a corporate duty to hedge? Are directors of a corporation, at the very least, obliged to consider hedging strategies to hedge the risk of a corporation? The article is divided into parts. Part two of the paper will be presented in a later edition. The paper highlights the difference between hedging and speculation concluding that the derivatives are not per se inherent looses when they are used for hedging strategies. As such, the duty to use derivatives is limited only to hedging and not speculation. The paper states that the duty to hedge is not absolute and should be limited in two dimensions. First, it should be circumscribed by the limits established by U.S. case law on the duty of care, and therefore, should be seen as a subcategory of the latter. Second, the duty to hedge should be dependent on directors’ level of information, sophistication and the level of risk a company faces. [More]